Regenerative Agriculture (RA) is presently a topic of discussion world-wide. This section looks at two aspects of RA in the context of New Zealand’s grazed livestock systems - the improvement of soil carbon/organic matter, and diverse seed mixes.

RA itself is not a specific, defined system, but incorporates several components which aim to improve soil quality and increase soil carbon. Most of these are already well-established in NZ farm systems, i.e. using pasture, rotational grazing, minimum-till cultivation, and minimising bare soil with cover crops.

Organic matter & soil carbon
Scientists estimate NZ soils on average contain 99 t/ha soil organic carbon (SOC). This is higher than many other countries, such as areas of North America, South Africa and Australia. There are several reasons for this, including our latitude and cooler climate as shown below.

Global soil organic carbon by latitude (Minasny et al. 2017)

 

New Zealand agricultural soils are dominated by permanent pasture, rotationally grazed by stock. This is not the case in many other countries. Some overseas farmland has historically been heavily cultivated and cropped, which inevitably depletes soil organic matter. It is primarily in these ‘degenerated’ carbon-poor soils that RA practices have been associated with ‘regenerating’.

For example an increase of SOC of 4t/ha/year was estimated in Michigan, USA, to 50t SOC, through changing from set stocking to rotational grazing (Stanley et al. 2018); or an increase of SOC of 8t/ha/year was estimated in Georgia, USA, to 40t SOC, through conversion from cropping to sowing pasture and rotational grazing (Machmuller et al. 2015).

Soil organic carbon levels and increases in three experiments

 

In Lincoln, NZ, an increase of SOC of 5t/ha/year was estimated, to 77t SOC, through sowing a degraded cropping soil into pasture (Francis et al. 1999). In this trial the same increase in SOC came from sowing a pasture of straight perennial ryegrass, versus a pasture mix of prairie grass, timothy, tall fescue, chicory, lucerne, white clover and red clover.

 

Diverse seed mixes for pasture

While most of RA focuses on the use of pasture, minimum-till establishment and rotational grazing, some proponents suggest sowing diverse seed mixes. For pastoral-based soils in NZ which are typically rotationally grazed and high in SOC, there is presently no scientific evidence that sowing a very diverse pasture seed mix will increase soil carbon.

Another suggestion in RA is to use a longer grazing rotation, letting plants lose feed quality and rot down into the soil. However, a standard grazing system can grow a similar amount, returning the plant nutrients to the soil through dung and urine (rather than as plant material). And under good grazing pasture quality is higher, leading to better animal performance.

There are key reasons why ryegrass and white clover are the two most widely sown permanent pasture species in NZ grazing systems because:

1. Decades of scientific research in NZ have shown ryegrass is a highly efficient photosynthesiser across most of the country. Its growth habit, productivity, and grazing tolerance allow it to thrive in a diverse range of climatic conditions and livestock systems.
2. Likewise research has repeatedly demonstrated white clover adds significant value to our grazed systems, improving animal nutrition and overall pasture DM growth and capturing atmospheric nitrogen.

Even so, successfully managing these two different species in one grazing sward over several years is not always easy, because they each have different requirements for establishment and survival.

Many other plant species have found a place in NZ farm systems, including cocksfoot, meadow fescue, brome and prairie grass, timothy, phalaris, lucerne, red clover, lotus, annual clover, chicory and plantain. Within the ryegrass family, development of tetraploid and hybrid ryegrasses, as well as on-going advancements in novel endophytes, have further broadened pasture diversity.

In effect NZ has been researching and practicing multi-species pasture mixes for many decades and has built a great deal of practical knowledge about what species grow together, and how.

But as we see with white clover in many NZ ryegrass pastures, a simple, widely used, two-species mix is in fact a highly complex relationship requiring careful management to maintain both productivity and sustainability.

 

Every time another species is added to the pasture mix the level of complexity increases, and may need very different (and in many cases incompatible) management as the grazing tolerance and persistence of species varies hugely as shown below.

 

As recently reiterated by Derrick Moot, Professor of Plant Science at Lincoln University (CountryWide, September 2020 page 76-77), while we can sow diverse pasture mixes, grazing decreases diversity. “Our own research shows that no more than three functional groups (grass, legume, herb) make up over 90% of species regardless of the number sown.”

It’s been suggested that adding fast establishing species to a seed mix can be a ‘cover crop’, protecting slower establishing species. This concept has commonly been used on sandy soils, prone to wind erosion to provide quick ground cover. However, in most situations results of this practice are mixed, as the fast establishing species compete for light, nutrients and water with slower establishing species, so can suppress their establishment. Also if the fast establishing species don’t persist, this provides bare soil in the pasture for weed invasion.

 

Conclusion
The philosophy behind RA to farm with a focus on soil health and soil carbon is a good one. It is also the aim of much of our NZ pastoral system, driven through pasture use, rotational grazing, and where applicable minimum tillage and cover crops.The science has shown you cannot effectively combine 10, let alone 30, diverse plant species in a grazed pasture. Over time the grazing tolerant and persistent species dominate.

References
^{Francis, G. S. et al. 1999. Restorative crops for the amelioration of degraded soil conditions in New Zealand. Australian Journal Soil Res. 37, 1017-34.
Machmuller, M. B. et al. 2015. Emerging land use practices rapidly increase soil organic matter. Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7995.
Minasny, B. et al. 2017 Soil carbon 4 per mille. Geoderma 292, 59–86.
Stanley, P. L. et al. 2018. Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems. Agricultural Systems 162, 249-258.}